This page carries some notes and information from the 2021 summer intensive “o my friends there are no friends” jointly convened by Prof. Steven Henry Madoff and Prof. Mick Wilson (28 June to 16 July 2021). Guest speakers during the intensive are: Elizabeth A. Povinelli, Sarah Pierce, Sibyl A. Schwarzenbach, Céline Condorelli, Helena Reckitt, Jota Mombaça, Claire Tancons, Shuddha Sengupta, and Walter Mignolo. The intensive comprised a stand-alone SVA Summer Residency Program and a workshop as the central part of the University of Gothenburg’s free-standing course On Friendship and the Political Imaginary.
Considerations regarding what friendship is and means across individual, collective and societal registers, in respect of both cooperative and antagonistic entanglements, have complex and multiple histories. Some would argue that these must be understood in order to realize an engaged ethical life that takes account of principles of affiliation in their diverse expressions as: love, familial affection, extra-familial affection, fidelity, loyalty, consensus, goodwill, recognition, sameness and difference, oppression and freedom, and the intimate opacities of relationality. Here we will consider the politics and ontology of friendship, the metaphysics of togetherness and agency, and survey the apparatus of support structures within the spectrum of filial relations as they are entwined with gender, race and governmentality.
schedule
WEEK ONE
Monday June 28
Morning: Welcome and student introductions: Steven Henry Madoff and Mick Wilson discuss the motivation for creating the course and choice of background readings informing its purview. Framework for philosophical and political considerations. Texts referenced in this session:
01. Leela Ghandi, Affective Communities: Anticolonial Thought and the Politics of Friendship, “Manifesto: Anticolonial Thought and the Politics of Friendship”;
02. Roland Barthes, How To Live Together, sections “Fantasy” and “My Fantasy: Idiorrhythmy”;
03. Steven Henry Madoff, PARSE, No.13, Part 1, Summer 2021, “Exhibition of Friends”
Evening: Continuing introduction and discussion
Tuesday June 29
Morning: Guest speaker with SHM + MW as interlocutors: Elizabeth A. Povinelli
Evening: Reading seminar with SHM + MW:
04. Hegel text: Phenomenology of Spirit, “Independence and Dependence of Self-Consciousness: Lordship and Bondage”;
05. Povinelli text: Empire of Love, “The Intimate Event and Genealogical Society.”
Wednesday June 30
Morning: Guest speaker: Sarah Pierce
06. Rike Frank, Sketches of Universal History Compiled from Several Authors by Sarah Pierce, “Introduction On Affinities”
Evening: Reading seminar with SHM + MW:
07. Schwarzenbach text: On Civic Friendship: Including Women in the State, “The Possibility of a Modern Civic Friendship” and “The State of Feminist Theory.”
Thursday July 1
Morning: Guest speaker: Sibyl A. Schwarzenbach
Evening: Reading seminar with SHM + MW,
08. Schmitt text: The Concept of the Political; 09_Derrida text: The Politics of Friendship, “Oligarchies: Naming, Enumerating, Counting” and “Loving in Friendship: Perhaps – the Noun and the Adverb” with references to
10. Giorgio Agamben, What Is an Apparatus?, “The Friend” and
11. Plutarch, Moralia, “On Having Many Friends” (optional)
Friday July 2
Morning: Reading seminar with SHM + MW
09. Derrida text: The Politics of Friendship, “Recoils,” and “’For the First Time in the History of Humanity’”
Evening: Workshop task: Three assigned breakout discussion groups, one each for Derrida, Schwarzenbach, and Povinelli. Assignment: Planning of presentations for weeks 2 and 3
WEEK TWO
Monday July 5 NO CLASS – Public Holiday USA
Tuesday July 6
Morning: Student presentations for each group, 20 minutes each
Evening: Reading seminar with SHM + MW on Simon Critchley texts:
12. What We Think About When We Think about Soccer, sections “Socialism,” “Sensate Ecstasy,” “De-subjectifying football” and (optional but strongly recommended)
13. “The Other’s Decision in Me (What are the Politics of Friendship?)”
Wednesday July 7
Morning: Guest speaker: Céline Condorelli
Evening: Reading seminar with SHM + MW:
14. Condorelli text: The Company She Keeps, “The Company We Keep, part three”;
15. Boym, “Scenography of Friendship”
Thursday July 8
Morning: Review of the course to date
Evening: Reading seminar with SHM + MW: Student nominated texts on questions of friendship within Confucian cultural contexts:
Confucius on friendship in the Analects; https://ctext.org/analects/ji-shi and a gloss on this from a blog: https://medium.com/@cottenio/the-philosophy-of-three-friendships-59b1549ee4ee; and Ping Wang’s (2017) “The Chinese Concept of Friendship:Confucian Ethics and the Literati Narratives of Pre-Modern China” Chapter from Editors: Carla Risseeuw and Marlein van Raalte’s Conceptualizing Friendship in Time and Place, Brill. (Noted also of interest in this context: Yuk Hui’s (2016) The Question Concerning Technology in China: An Essay in Cosmotechnics.
Friday July 9
Morning: Student-organized workshop on individually elected projects: each presentation 10 minutes with a 10-minute discussion following. Five in the morning (one group with SHM, one group with MW)
Evening: Student-organized workshop on individually elected projects: each presentation 10 minutes with a 10-minute discussion following. Four in the afternoon (one group with SHM, one group with MW)
WEEK THREE
Monday July 12
Morning: Reading seminar: Classical texts on friendship:
16. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, chapters VIII and IX;
17. Montaigne, “On Friendship”
Evening: Guest speaker with SHM + MW as interlocutors:
18. (podcast) Helena Reckitt, with audio recording of the Feminist Duration Reading Group (Links to an external site.)
Tuesday July 13
Morning: Guest speaker with SHM + MW as interlocutors: Jota Mombaça and a live reading of Jota’s (2019) ”The Time Has Come, in Which the Lights of this Epoch Were Lit Everywhere,” L’Internationale Online
Evening: Guest speaker with SHM + MW as interlocutors: 19_Claire Tancons, with text: “Occupy Wall Street: Carnival Against Capital? Carnivalesque as Protest Sensibility”
Wednesday July 14
Morning: Guest speaker with SHM + MW as interlocutors: Shuddha Sengupta, with texts: 20_“Raqs Media Collective, “On Collectives and Collectivity” and Aishwary Kumar, “Force and Adoration”
Evening: Prep time for student presentations
Thursday July 15
Morning: Guest speaker with SHM + MW as interlocutors: Walter Mignolo, with texts:
21. Mignolo, “The Way We Were,”
22. Humberto and Verden-Zoller, “Biology of Love,” and
23. “Falling into Decolonial Love: Interview with Leanne Simpson”
additional: Cricket Keating (2005) “Building Coalitional Consciousness”; and “Interview – Walter Mignolo/Part 2: Key Concepts” E-International Relations.
Evening: Six student presentations with responses and dialogue (15 minutes each – short break after three presentations)
Friday July 16
Morning: Six student presentations with responses and dialogue (15 minutes each – short break after three presentations)
Evening: Six student presentations with responses and dialogue (15 minutes each – short break after three presentations)
Readings
bibliography (partial)
core sources for the course
Agamben, Giorgio (2009) ”The Friend,” What Is an Apparatus?” trans. by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 25-38.
Aristotle (2009) The Nicomachean Ethics, chapters VIII and IX, trans. David Ross, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 142-182.
Barthes, Roland (2013) How to Live Together: Novelistic Simulations of Some Everyday Spaces, trans. by Kate Briggs, New York, Columbia University Press, 3-11.
— (1977) Roland Barthes by Roland Barthes, trans. by Richard Howard, Los Angeles, University of California Press, 64-65.
Blanchot, Maurice (1988) The Unavowable Community, trans. Pierre Joris, Barrytown, NY, Station Hill Press.
— (1997) ”Friendship,” Friendship, trans. by Elizabeth Rottenburg, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 289-292.
Boym, Svetlana (2009-2010) ”Scenography of Friendship: Hannah Arendt, Mary McCarthy, and Anchovy Paste,” Cabinet, Issue 36 (Winter), https://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/36/boym.php.
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1971) ”Laelius: On Friendship,” (”De Amicitia”) On the Good Life, trans. by Michael Grant, London, Penguin, 172-227.
Condorelli, Céline (2014) The Company She Keeps, London, Book Works.
Critchley, Simon (2017) What We Think About When We Think About Soccer, New York, Penguin.
— (1998) ”The Other’s Decision in Me (What are the Politics of Friendship?), European Journal of Social Theory 1 (2), 259-279.
da Silva, Denise Ferreira (2020) ”If Hospitality, Then the Duty Is to Repair and to Foster” in Rehearsing Hospitalities Companion 2, Berlin, Archive Books.
Derrida, Jacques (1997) The Politics of Friendship, trans. By George Collins, London, Verso.
Frank, Rike (2013) ”Introduction On Affinities,” Sketches of Universal History Compiled from Several Authors by Sarah Pierce, London, Book Works.
Gandhi, Leela (2006) Affective communities: anticolonial thought, Fin-De-Siècle radicalism, and the politics of friendship, Durham, NC, Duke University Press.
Haraway, Donna (2003) The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness, Chicago, Prickly Paradigm Press.
Hartmann, Saidiya (2019) Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Social Upheaval, New York, W.W. Norton & Co.
Hegel, G.W.F. (1977) ”Self-Consciousness: The Truth of Self-Certainty, A. Independence and Dependence of Self-Consciousness: Lordship and Bondage,” Phenomenology of Spirit, trans. A. V. Miller, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 104-111.
Kumar, Aishwary (2013) ”Force and adoration: Ambedkar’s Maitri,” Seminar, https://history.stanford.edu/publications/force-and-adoration-ambedkars-maitri.
Madoff, Steven Henry (2021) “Exhibition of Friends” PARSE Journal, Issue 13 (Summer), https://parsejournal.com/article/exhibition-of-friends/.
Mignolo, Walter (2019) ”The Way We Were. Or What Decoloniality Today Is All About,” Anglistica AION, 23.2, 9-22.
Mombaça, Jota (2019) ”The Time Has Come, in Which the Lights of this Epoch Were Lit Everywhere,” L’Internationale, https://www.internationaleonline.org/opinions/131_the_time_has_come_in_which_the_lights_of_this_epoch_were_lit_everywhere/.
de Montaigne, Michel (1993) ”On Friendship,” in Essays, trans. By J. M. Cohen, London, Penguin Books, 91-104.
Nancy, Jean-Luc (1991) The Inoperative Community, trans. By Peter Connor, Lisa Garbus,
Michael Holland, and Simona Sawhney, Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota Press.
Plutarch (1962), Moralia, volume II, trans. by Frank Cole Babbitt, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1-28.
Povinelli, Elizabeth (2006) The Empire of Love: Toward a Theory of Intimacy, Genealogy, and Carnality, Durham, NC, Duke University Press.
— (2011) Economies of Abandonment: Social Belonging and Endurance in Late Liberalism, Durham, NC, Duke University Press.
Raqs Media Collective (2010) ”On Collaboration, and Being a Collective,” Manifesta Journal 8.
Schwarzenbach, Sibyl (2009) On Civic Friendship: Including Women in the State, New York, Columbia University Press.
Schmitt, Carl (2007) (orig. 1932) The Concept of the Political (Expanded Edition), trans. by George Schwab, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Sexton, Jared (2011) ”The Social Life of Social Death: On Afro-Pessimism and Black Optimism,” InTensions Journal, Issue 5 (Fall/Winter), Toronto, York University.
Tancons, Calire (2011) ” Occupy Wall Street: Carnival Against Capital? Carnivalesque as Protest Sensibility,” e-flux journal 30, https://www.e-flux.com/journal/30/68148/occupy-wall-street-carnival-against-capital-carnivalesque-as-protest-sensibility/.
— (2015 ) ”Farewell, Farewell: Carnival, Performance, and Exhibition in the Circum-Atlantic Economy of the Flesh,” in En Mas’: Carnival and Performance Art of the Caribbean, eds. Claire Tancons and Krista Thompson, New York, Independent Curators International.
of interest
Astell, Mary (1694) A Serious PROPOSAL TO THE LADIES, FOR THE Advancement of their True and Greatest INTEREST. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/54984/54984-h/54984-h.htm (Extract)
Bennett, Jane (2010) Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things, Durham, NC, Duke University Press.
Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo, Carla Goar, David G. Embrick (2006) “When Whites Flock Together: The Social Psychology of White Habitus,” on Critical Sociology, Volume: 32 issue: 2-3, pp. 229-253.
Chowdhury, Elora Halim and Liz Philipose (eds.) (2016) Dissident Friendships: Feminism, Imperialism, and Transnational Solidarity, Urbana, Chicago, and Springfield, University of Illinois Press.
Desai, Amit and Killic, Evan (eds.) (2010) The Ways of Friendship: Anthropological Perspectives, Berghahn Books. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qcpg8
Devere, Heather (2005) The Fraternization of Friendship and Politics: Derrida, Montaigne and Aristotle, Critical Perspectives on Communication, Cultural & Policy Studies, Vol. 24 (1 & 2).
Ferguson, James (2021) Presence and Social Obligation: An Essay on the Share, Chicago, Prickly Paradigm Press.
Friedman, Marilyn (1989) ”Feminism and Modern Friendship: Dislocating the Community.” Ethics Vol. 99, No. 2 (Jan.), 275-290.
Goedecke, Klara (2018) “Other Guys Don’t Hang Out Like This”: Gendered Friendship Politics Among Swedish, Middle-Class Men, Uppsala universitet. Centrum för genusvetenskap, Diss. Uppsala.
Gordon, Avery F. (2008) Ghostly Matters: Haunting and the Sociological Imagination, Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota Press.
Keating, Cricket (2005) “Building Coalitional Consciousness,” NWSA Journal, Vol. 17, No. 2 (Summer), 86-103.
Lochman, Daniel T., López, Maritere and Hutson, Lorna (eds.) (2011) Discourses and representations of friendship in early modern Europe, 1500-1700, Farnham, Ashgate.
Mahallati, Mohammad Jafar Amir (2019) Friendship in Islamic Ethics and World Politics, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
Manning, Erin (2003) Ephemeral Territories: Representing Nation, Home, and Identity in Canada, Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota Press.
— (2006) Politics of Touch: Sense, Movement, Sovereignty, Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota Press.
— (2013) Always More than One: Indivduation’s Dance, Durham, NC, Duke University Press.
Marran, Christine L . (2011) ”Beyond Domesticating Animal Love” Mechademia, Volume 6. University of Minnesota Press, 39-50. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/454414/pdf.
Meillassoux, Quentin (2009) After Finitude: An Essay on the Necessity of Contingency, trans. by Ray Brassier, New York, Continuum.
Munn, Christopher W. (2018) “The One Friend Rule: Race and Social Capital in an Interracial Network”, Social Problems, Volume 65, Issue 4, November, 473–490.
Nehamas, Alexander (2016) On Friendship, New York, Basic Books.
Nixon, Jon (2015) Hannah Arendt and the Politics of Friendship, London, Bloomsbury.
Plato (1980), ”Lysis,” The Collected Dialogues of Plato, eds. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, trans. by J. Wright, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 145-168.
Risseeuw, Carla and van Raalte, Marlein (2017) Conceptualizing Friendship in Time and Place, Boston, Brill.
Roseneil, Sasha (2006)”Foregrounding Friendship: Feminist Pasts, Feminist Futures” Chapter 18 in Kathy Davis, Mary Evans, and Judith Lorber (eds.) Handbook of Gender and Women’s Studies, SAGE.
Sherberg, Michael (2011) The Governance of Friendship: Law and Gender in the Decameron, Columbus, Ohio State University Press.
Simpson, Leanne Betasamosake (2014) ”Land as Pedagogy: Nishnaabeg Intelligence and Rebellious
Transformation,” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1-25.
Weller, Barry (1978) ”The Rhetoric of Friendship in Montaigne’s Essais,” in New Literary History
Vol. 9, No. 3, Rhetoric I: Rhetorical Analyses (Spring). 503-523.
Other Philosophical Bibliographical References Found Online (primarily from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Alfano, M. (2016) “Friendship and the Structure of Trust,” in From Personality to Virtue, eds. A. Masala and J. Webber, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 186–206.
Annas, J. (1977) “Plato and Aristotle on Friendship and Altruism,” Mind, 86: 532–54.
— (1988) “Self-Love in Aristotle,” Southern Journal of Philosophy (Supplement), 7: 1–18.
Annis, D.B. (1987) “The Meaning, Value, and Duties of Friendship,” American Philosophical Quarterly, 24: 349–56.
Badhwar, N.K. (1987) “Friends as Ends in Themselves,” Philosophy & Phenomenological Research, 48: 1–23.
— (1991) “Why It Is Wrong to Be Always Guided by the Best: Consequentialism and Friendship,” Ethics, 101: 483–504.
— (ed.) (1993) Friendship: A Philosophical Reader, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
— (2003) “Love,” in H. LaFollette (ed.), Practical Ethics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 42–69.
Bernstein, M. (2007) “Friends without Favoritism,” Journal of Value Inquiry, 41: 59–76.
Blum, L.A. (1980) Friendship, Altruism, and Morality, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
— (1993) “Friendship as a Moral Phenomenon,” in Badhwar (1993), 192–210.
Bratman, M.E. (1999) Faces of Intention: Selected Essays on Intention and Agency, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brink, D.O. (1999) “Eudaimonism, Love and Friendship, and Political Community,” Social Philosophy & Policy, 16: 252–289.
Card, R.F. (2004) “Consequentialism, Teleology, and the New Friendship Critique,” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 85: 149–72.
Cocking, D. & Kennett, J. (1998) “Friendship and the Self,” Ethics, 108: 502–27.
— (2000) “Friendship and Moral Danger,” Journal of Philosophy, 97: 278–96.
Cocking, D. & Oakley, J. (1995) “Indirect Consequentialism, Friendship, and the Problem of Alienation,” Ethics, 106: 86–111.
Collins, S. (2013) “Duties to Make Friends,” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 16: 907–21.
Conee, E. (2001) “Friendship and Consequentialism,” Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 79: 161–79.
Cooper, J.M. (1977a), “Aristotle on the Forms of Friendship,” Review of Metaphysics, 30: 619–48.
— (1977b) “Friendship and the Good in Aristotle,” Philosophical Review, 86: 290–315.
Friedman, M.A. (1989) “Friendship and Moral Growth,” Journal of Value Inquiry, 23: 3–13.
— (1993) What Are Friends For? Feminist Perspectives on Personal Relationships and Moral Theory, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
— (1998) “Romantic Love and Personal Autonomy,” Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 22: 162–81.
Grunebaum, J.O. (2005) “Fair-Weather Friendships,” Journal of Value Inquiry, 39: 203–14.
Gilbert, M. (1996) Living Together: Rationality, Sociality, and Obligation, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
— (2000) Sociality and Responsibility: New Essays in Plural Subject Theory, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
— (2006) A Theory of Political Obligation: Membership, Commitment, and the Bonds of Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Helm, B. (2008) “Plural Agents,” Noûs, 42: 17–49.
Hoffman, E. (1997) “Love as a Kind of Friendship,” in Sex, Love, and Friendship: Studies of the Society for the Philosophy of Sex and Love 1977–92, Amsterdam: Rodopi, 109–119.
Hurka, T. (2006) “Value and Friendship: A More Subtle View,” Utilitas, 18: 232–42.
Jeske, D. (1997) “Friendship, Virtue, and Impartiality,” Philosophy & Phenomenological Research, 57: 51–72.
— (2008) “Friendship and the grounds of reasons,” Les Ateliers de l’Ethique, 3: 61–69.
Kawall, J. (2013) “Friendship and Epistemic Norms,” Philosophical Studies, 165: 349–70.
Keller, S. (2000) “How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Properties,” American Philosophical Quarterly, 37: 163–73.
— (2007) The Limits of Loyalty, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Koltonski, D. (2016) “A Good Friend Will Help You Move a Body: Friendship and the Problem of Moral Disagreement,” Philosophical Review, 125: 473–507.
Lynch, S. (2005) Philosophy and Friendship, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Mason, E. (1998) “Can an Indirect Consequentialist Be a Real Friend?” Ethics, 108: 386–93.
Millgram, E. (1987) “Aristotle on Making Other Selves,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 17: 361–76.
Nehamas, A. (2010) “The Good of Friendship,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 110: 267–94.
Nozick, R. (1989) “Love’s Bond,” in The Examined Life: Philosophical Meditations, New York: Simon & Schuster, 68–86.
Railton, P. (1984) “Alienation, Consequentialism, and the Demands of Morality,” Philosophy & Public Affairs, 13: 134–71.
Rorty, A.O. (1986/1993) “The Historicity of Psychological Attitudes: Love is Not Love Which Alters Not When It Alteration Finds,” in Badhwar (1993), 73–88.
Sadler, B. (2006) “Love, Friendship, Morality,” Philosophical Forum, 37: 243–63.
Scanlon, T.M. (1998) What We Owe to Each Other, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Schoeman, F. (1985) “Aristotle on the Good of Friendship,” Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 63: 269–82.
Searle, J.R. (1990) “Collective Intentions and Actions,” in Intentions in Communication, eds. P.R. Cohen, M.E. Pollack, and J.L. Morgan, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 401–15.
Sherman, N. (1987) “Aristotle on Friendship and the Shared Life,” Philosophy & Phenomenological Research, 47: 589–613.
Stocker, M. (1976) “The Schizophrenia of Modern Ethical Theories,” Journal of Philosophy, 73: 453–66.
— (1981) “Values and Purposes: The Limits of Teleology and the Ends of Friendship,” Journal of Philosophy, 78: 747–65.
Stroud, S. (2006) “Epistemic Partiality in Friendship,” Ethics, 116: 498–524.
Taylor, G. (1985) Pride, Shame, and Guilt: Emotions of Self-Assessment, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tedesco, M. (2006) “Indirect Consequentialism, Suboptimality, and Friendship,” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 87: 567–77.
Telfer, E. (1970–71) “Friendship,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 71: 223–41.
Thomas, L. (1987) “Friendship,” Synthese, 72: 217–36.
— (1989) “Friends and Lovers,” in Person to Person, eds. G. Graham & H. LaFollette, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 182–98.
— (1993) “Friendship and Other Loves,” in Badhwar (1993), 48–64.
— (2013) “The Character of Friendship,” in Thinking about Friendship: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Damian Caluori, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 30–46.
Tuomela, R. (1995) The Importance of Us: A Philosophical Study of Basic Social Notions, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
— (2007) The Philosophy of Sociality: The Shared Point of View, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Velleman, J. David (1999) “Love as a Moral Emotion,” Ethics, 109: 338–74.
White, R.J. (1999a) “Friendship: Ancient and Modern,” International Philosophical Quarterly, 39: 19–34.
— (1999b) “Friendship and Commitment,” Journal of Value Inquiry, 33: 79–88.
— (2001) Love’s Philosophy, Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield.
Whiting, J.E. (1986) “Friends and Future Selves,” Philosophical Review, 95: 547–80.
— (1991) “Impersonal Friends,” Monist, 74: 3–29.
Wilcox, W.H. (1987) “Egoists, Consequentialists, and Their Friends,” Philosophy & Public Affairs, 16: 73–84.
Williams, B. (1981) “Persons, Character, and Morality,” in Moral Luck, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–19. Woodcock, S. (2010) “Moral Schizophrenia
exhibition.school 